17.%
Square Miles Water Net Land Sq Miles Net Land Acres
65,497 11,134 sq miles 54,363 34,792,320
This installed PV solar energy estimate does not include land cost, taxes, additional infrastructure, or any other cost. And, additional at-load losses when the solar collection minimum service hours can not be met because of less than ideal weather, nor the cost of future growth.
"Solar Radiation for 2-Axis Tracking Flat-Plate Collectors (kWh/m /day) Uncertainty ± 9%" Wisconsin
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To replace the state of Wisconsin energy and fuels consumption with solar PV the estimates are as follows.
U.S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Ave., SW
Washington, DC 20585
Solar PV to replace all of Wisconsin's spent fuels: 4,677 sq miles
= 1 square mile of solar PV in every 11.62 square miles of Wisconsin's land surface (excluding surface water)
Coal Fired
Natural Gas Fired
Motor Gasoline
Distillate Fuel Oil
LPG
Residual Fuel
Other Petroleum
Nuclear Electric Power
Hydroelectric
Biomass
Other Renewables
Note; The replacement of gasoline combustion vehicles replaced by electric vehicles would have net reduction of energy effect of approximately 7,223 megawatts per hour. (Example; Chevy Volt automobile with a rating of 100 miles per 38 kilowatt hours with an 80% recharge in 20 minutes.) This would have a net reduction of 63,277,410 mWh's annually and 57,784 installed megawatts on 346,704 acres. Currently Wisconsin consumes 2,334,959,754 gallons of gasoline annually which is equivalent to 85,459,527 megawatt hours. Electric vehicles similar to the Chevy Volt would only utilize about 22,182,117 megawatt hours for the same rated miles when compared to an automobile combustion ratio of 25 mpg for a total of 58,373,993,850 miles driven in Wisconsin. This would also have the affect of reducing the consumption of gasoline in terms of energy by 1,728,890,983 gallons of gasoline. This would also reduce the equivalent of 16,683,797 tons of carbon dioxide emissions. One gallon of U.S. automotive gasoline is equivalent to 36.6 kilowatt hours of electricity.
2
The above megawatt estimated requirements are for the replacement of energy and fuels consumed for electricity, heating and cooling, gasoline transportation fuels converted to its electric megawatt equivalent utilizing solar PV. We utilize Wisconsin's minimum annual ideal weather 30-year monthly-averaged useful daily hours of solar concentration. These conversions would be Wisconsin's approximate energy demand equivalents in terms of energy, land, and cost. For this conversion data set, one solar PV megawatt is equal to approximately six acres. However, other solar PV installations are currently utilizing up to ten or more acres per installed megawatt. There are thermal solar installations utilizing 44 acres per installed megawatt. ("resulting in a land-to-power ratio of 44 acres (180,000 m ) per 1 megawatt.") ref; Thermal Power Towers - "Power Tower Designs" wikipedia
Total
1,779,000
1,303,000
--
--
--
--
--
772,000
235,000
--
268,000
4,357,000
1,270,697,599 megawatthours divided by 8,760 hours per year = 68,259 megawatts per hour averaged
x 7.31 (multplier) = 498,973 mW p/hr minimum under ideal weather averaged - accessible with battery storage
x 6 acres = 3,276,432 acres
= 1 acre of solar PV in every 11.62 acres
= 50.07 acres of every sq mile of Wisconsin's land surface. (excluding surface water acreage)
Wisconsin
U.S. Accumulative + DC Solar PV To Replace Fuels & Energy (2014)
49 State Subtotal: $225,408,624,000,000 USD
49 State Subtotal Acreage: 225,408,624
Wisconsin Energy Consumption Estimates - 2014
Other Wisconsin Spent Same Source Consumption
Trillions of btu's converted to megawatthour equivalents
(Includes production less power generation)
Cost: $2,993,838,000,000 USD
($6,000,000 USD per installed megawatt - BP Solar quote 2001, and others. +)
Electric Power Net Generation by Primary Energy
Source and Industry Sector - March 2016
(Megawatthours)
Coal Fired
Natural Gas Fired
Motor Gasoline
Distillate Fuel Oil
LPG
Residual Fuel
Other Petroleum
Nuclear Electric Power
Hydroelectric
Biomass
Other Renewables
Biofuels
Net Interstate Flow of Electricity
2
Source: Independent Statistics Analysis
U.S. Energy Information Administration
Other Spent Energy Same Source Data: Lithor
Conversion Tool: "Online Conversion"
http://www.onlineconversion.com/
120,460,948
138,755,670
85,459,527
44,869,182
10,638,480
--
14,712,168
28,182,423
6,652,170
40,092,124
36,805,492
21,482,110
45,484,632
593,594,926
4,357,000
597,951,926
Average Available Sunlit Hours Minimum Maximum Multiplier
SolarDirect.com 3.28 4.85 7.31 (24/3.28)